Structuralism Structuralism And Structuralism - 1522 Words

2.2. STRUCTURALISM As well as functionalism, structuralism has been influenced by the work of Durkheim, although the basic thrust for its development comes from linguistics. The work of the linguist Swiss Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was the first and more important source of ideas structuralist. Although Saussure only wrote about the language, the ideas that developed were later incorporated into numerous disciplines, both the social sciences and humanities. Prior to the work of Saussure, the study of language basically consisted of a track changes in the mode of using words. According to Saussure, this procedure ignores the central feature of the language. In any case we can identify the basic features or structures of the language by looking only at the words that people use when they talk about (de Saussure, 1974). The language consists of a set of rules of grammar and meaning thanback of the words, but that is not explicit in them. By put an example simple: in English is added normally the ending ed to a verb when is want to indicate that something has happened in the last. This is one of the thousands of grammar rules every speaker of a language known and used to build what he says. For Saussure, analyze the structures of the language means attend to the rules that underlie to the speaks. The majority of them them know of a way implicit: not could explain easily in what consist. In fact, the work of Linguistics is make evident what we know implicitly, but inShow MoreRelatedEssay about Structuralism640 Words   |  3 PagesStructuralism Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th-century social sciences and humanities; it focuses on recurring patterns of thought and behaviour – it seeks to analyse social relationships in terms of highly abstract relational structures. Structuralism is distinctly different from that applied to Radcliffe-Brown – it involves more the bio and psychological aspect of human studies rather than social structures. Claude Levi-Strauss was the one to pioneerRead MoreEssay on Structuralism as a Literary Movement2595 Words   |  11 Pages Structuralism as a literary movement first emerged in the 1960s in the field of linguistics. It expanded to other areas of studies as well by philosophers such as Louis Althusser in Marxist theory, Roland Barthes in literary studies, Jacques Lacan in psychoanalysis, Gerard Genette in narratology, and Claude Levi-Strauss in anthropology. This paper focuses on Strauss’s Structure and Dialectics, Genette’s Five Types of Transtextuality, and Barthes’s The Death of the AuthorRead MoreEssay on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Structuralism1899 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein and Structuralism   Ã‚   Professor John Lye of Brock University, California describes literary theory as: a collection of related theoretical concepts and practices which are marked by a number of premises, although not all of the theoretical approaches share or agree on all of them.    The first segment of this essay aims to define the main views of structuralism, one of these theoretical approaches. Structuralism, in particular the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, createdRead MoreThe Literary Theory Of Structuralism1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe literary theory of Structuralism attempts to explain the connections between concepts, images, and people. 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The use of structuralism is a relatively new and highly controversial theory. â€Å"The AcademyRead MoreStructuralism and Reality in Wrestling Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhen discussing structuralism, I find that it takes a realistic viewpoint of how the world is represented, as we essentially are awash in concepts and signs via the structures of communication and language. In this weeks readings I found more depth to the ideas behind structuralism that my previous exposures, especially when looking to Roland Barthes The World of Wrestling from his collection Mythologies. 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Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in the 20-centruy social sciences and humanities; it focuses on recurring patterns of thought and behavior, it seeks to analyse social relationships in terms of highly abstract relational structures. In other words structuralism is aRead MoreStructuralism In Macbeth1232 Words   |  5 PagesAct1 Scene 7 when he is onstage alone with the audience and admits in his soliloquy that killing King Duncan will not make him King in any Free and clear way but simply bring on new problems, and yet he proceeds with his vaulting ambition. Structuralism Macbeth is one of Shakespeare s more explicitly gruesome plays. Although most deaths occur off stage the continuous use of metaphors throughout soliloquies, duologues, and dialogues create visual ideas of concepts and deliver the themes throughRead MoreDevelopment Of Media And Communications Study1481 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze the development of media and communications study and the themes that have helped it to improve during the last century. A persistent concept in this field is equality because theories like Marxism, Cultural Studies, Feminism, Structuralism and Post-structuralism, Subcultural Theory and Postmodernism examined this notion and gave it a meaning in that period of time. Against this background, a central question that motives this paper is: ‘How is equality developed by each ideology and how media

American Foreign Policy During The United States Essay

American Foreign Policy American foreign policy relates to what is done in foreign countries by the United States of America. The foreign policies include controlling of the governments of foreign countries or setting some rules in those countries. The foreign policy of America has always been changing all through the US existence. The changes have stemmed from the dynamics of exogenous and substantial influences of watershed up to the international system and also the effects and changes of endogenous inside the government of the United States. Outstanding assertions like the policies of Monroe, intercontinental encounters such as the Second World War, War of the Spanish and Americans, and the cold war and also conflicts that were termed as local including the Korean War and the Vietnam War considerably shaped the American foreign policy (Kissinger et al., 1969). The recent occurrences such as the 11th September 2001, epitomized the important exogenous watershed which influenced the American Government’s foreign policy decision- making. Apart from the exogenous dynamics which have made the bulk of judgments in the policy of U.S. foreign matters, there is also American government endogenous aspects. The elements include the Legislative body, the president, the public opinion Americans, and the bureaucracy which greatly influence the decision making concerning the foreign policy (Peterson, 1994). The purpose of this research paper is to review some important literatureShow MoreRelatedAs Senator Arthur Vandenberg Famously Stated In 1947, â€Å"We1579 Words   |  7 Pagesthe water’s edge.† Vandenberg’s declaration suggests that domestic policy differences should not affect how the United States conducts itself abroad. 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The global reach of the United States is backed by a $14.3 trillion dollar economy, roughly a quarter of worldwide GDP, and a protection spending plan of $711Read MoreThe Trends Of Foreign Policy And National Security1653 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican foreign policy has gradually changed since the birth of our nation. On July 4, 1891, John Quincy Adams addressed the Senate and House of Representatives during a powerful Independence Day speech designed to prevent an alliance with the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire. Although sympathetic to their cause, he warned against involving America in other states’ affairs, stating,† America does not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to Freedom and independenceRead MoreImperialism DBQ Essay examples636 Words   |  3 PagesWhat role did Imperialism play in shaping U.S. foreign policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? 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The foreign policies include controlling of the governments of foreign countries or setting some rules in those countries. The foreign policy of America has always been changing all through the US existence. The changes have stemmed from the dynamics of exogenous and substantial influences of watershed up to the international system and also the effects and changes of endogenous inside the government

Analysis of Activity Based Accounting Free Essays

Introduction Activity-Based Costing (ABC), a tool for cost management, has recently gained popularity, is based on a simple idea: in an enterprise, overhead (or operating expenses) are measured by a number of activities needed to successfully perform manufacturing and business processes. The total cost of a product is the sum of the costs of activities that are the real cause of the overhead include establishing vendor relations, purchasing, receiving, setting up a machine, running the machine, disbursing, reorganizing the production flow, redesigning the product, and taking a customer order (Turney, 1989). By design, ABC provides not only relatively accurate cost data, but also information about the origin of the cost (Cooper and Kaplan, 1988). We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Activity Based Accounting or any similar topic only for you Order Now In ABC, the manufacturing overhead are assigned to products in a more logical manner than the traditional approach of simply allocating costs on the basis of machine hours. It permits the very important distinction between resource usage and resource spending (Cooper and Kaplan, 1992). Traditional cost models apply resources to products in two ways. So called direct costs like material and direct labour are attributed directly to the product and other resources are arbitrarily allocated to the product, typically through the mechanism of direct labour hours, labour dollars or machine hours. Sales, marketing and administrative costs are not included in product costs. But, Activity Based Costing (ABC) does not change the way material and direct labour are attributed to manufactured products with the exception that direct labour loses its special place as a surrogate application method for overhead resources. Direct labour is considered another cost pool to be assigned to processes and products in a meaningful manner, no different than any other resource. The primary task of activity based costing is to break out indirect activities into meaningful pools which can then be assigned to processes in a manner which better reflects the way costs are actually incurred. The system must recognize that resources are consumed by processes or products in different proportions for each activity Activity Based Costing Advantages †¢ More accurate costing of products/services, customers and distribution channels. †¢ Better understanding overhead for everyone. †¢ Utilizes unit cost rather than just total cost. †¢ Integrates well with Six Sigma and other continuous improvement programs. †¢ Makes visible waste and non-value added. †¢ Supports performance management and scorecards. †¢ Enables costing of processes, supply chains and value streams. †¢ Here mirrors way work is done. †¢ Support facilitates benchmarking. †¢ One of benefit of ABC is, it enhance the strategic decision making for managers in a company .They can bring new information that they haven’t noticed before so they can take better decision about cost. †¢ Help the manager to understand where there are lot more cost and prod it breaks action as we can see in power drip packing in labour and maintenances. Advantages of switching to machine hours as an overhead recovery base: 1. With machine hour rate, the Cylinder manufacturing company (CMC) can accuse almost all operating expenses on the basis of machines. 2. With the help of under absorption of machine overhead, CMC can find the idle time of machine. Then, can try to reduce it. 3. It is useful to increase efficiency of machine, because CMC can use it effective way and all overheads depends on it. 4. It is a scientific method to calculate factory overhead cost. 5. By this, CMC can firstly calculate total production cost, after this, it is very easy to calculate selling price of any product. 6. If we absorbed overheads on the basis of machine hours, CMC can get more meaningful and accurate product cost compared to labour hours. If we look at the Cylinder manufacturing company case study, then we will find the following overheads based on machine hours and labour hours. For overheads based on labour hours The Budgeted labour rate = ?149.825 per dlh Total overheads for Standard products = ?149.825 per dlh x 2,500 dlh = ?374,562.5 Total overheads for Specialised products = ?149.825 per dlh x 1,500 dlh = ?224,737.5 Overheads based on machine hours Total machine hours=6500. Total overheads to be distributed=?599,300 Budgeted overhead burden/machine hour=599300/6500 =?92.2 pounds. Total Overhead burden for standard products=92.2*3500=?322,700. Total Overhead burden for specialized products=92.2*3000=?276,600. If Cylinder manufacturing company uses machine hours for overhead calculation instead of labour hours, then the output will be more accurate. It is quite easy to find the machine hours correctly than labour hours. As the machine is in automated system, from a machine they can find the correct information about the total machine hours used by a product. Moreover the efficiency of all machines are all most same but it’s vary a lot for labours, because all human beings efficiency is not same. In the case of labour hour the difference between overheads for standard product and specialised product is high. But for machine hours it is relatively low. But we know, specialised product needs more machine hours than the standard products. Therefore, the gap should be low. So, we can say absorbed overheads on the basis of machine hours give more accurate output than absorbed overheads on labour hours. Then the manager can know the cost of sell more accurately and select correct pricing for the product and maximizing the profit. Comparison among three accounting methods: Here, I will be working through the provided data three times. Firstly, I will show how traditional cost accounting methods might deal with them; secondly to look at the multiple volume based overhead method; and, finally, I will illustrate the ABC method using all of the data in great detail. Traditional allocation method (direct labour hours basis): The direct labour hour rate is total overheads total number of labour hours 599,300 4,000 ?149.825 per dlh The overheads recovered are: Direct labour hour rate x number of direct labour hours per product For Standard products, the calculation is: ?149.825 per dlh x 2,500 dlh = ?374,562.5 For Specialised products, the calculation is: ?149.825 per dlh x 1,500 dlh = ?224,737.5 Multiple volume based allocation method: This method has an advance on the traditional allocation method in that it does make some allowance for activities to influence the absorption of overheads. In the case of Cylinder manufacturing company, two absorption rates to apply here: the receiving department overhead rate, and the â€Å"other† overhead rate The reasoning here is that, the organisation I am simulating is using a two rate basis of apportioning overheads: firstly, a material handling overhead rate is used to assign overhead to a separate cost centre on the basis of the number of number of stores orders; secondly all of the other overheads are assigned using a general machine hour rate on the basis that the number of machine hours far exceeds the number of labour hours. The Materials handling overhead rate is Total Materials handling overheads Total number of stores orders ?119,600 460 ?260 per stores orders For Standard products, ?260 per stores orders x 160 stores orders = ?41,600 For Specialised products, ?260 per stores orders x 300 stores orders = ?78,000 The other overhead rate, calculated by dividing the total other overheads by the number of machine hours applied, is: ?599,300 – ?119,600 6,500 machine hours ?479,700 6,500 machine hours ?73.8 per machine hours For Standard products other overheads cost is, ?73.8 per machine hours x 3500 machine hours = ?258,300 For Specialised products other overheads cost is, ?73.8 per machine hours x 3000 machine hours = ?221,400 Therefore, Total overhead burden for standard product= ?299,900 Total overhead burden for standard product= ?299,400 ABC Method: To apply the ABC method, we need to identify cost drivers for two stages: 1 cost drivers tracing the costs of inputs into cost pools; and 2 cost drivers tracing the cost pools into product costs The workings that follow illustrate clearly how such cost drivers work through the ABC system in these two stages: an initial overhead amount being further subdivided into two parts according the needs of the situation. Cost of machines driven by machine hours Standard product = 3,500/6,500*279,500=?150,500 Specialized 3,000/6,500*279,500=?129,000. Set up and engineering support cost driven by number of set ups. Standard product = 80/280*200,200=?57,200 Specialized product = 200/280*200,200=?143,000 Material handling cost driven by number of stores orders Standard product = 160/460*119,600=?41,600 Specialized product = 300/460*119,600=?78,000 Total overhead burden for standard product = ?249,300 Total overhead burden for specialized product = ?350,000 Total overheads for standard and specialised product in three accounting methods are shown in the following table Standardproduct Specialised product DLH ?374,562.5 ?224,737.5 Multi Volume ?299,900 ?299,400 ABC ?249,300 ?350,000 From the above comparisons, it is cleared that multiple volume based allocation method gives more accurate data than daily labour hour method. But activity based costing system is the best as it gives more meaningful data than others, therefore Cylinder manufacturing company should try it for their cost reduction. How Cylinder manufacturing company can implement activity based costing system: As we know ABC is little bit heard to implement and more time consuming, because so much informative can be required about lots of items. And there is a cost of buying, implementing and maintaining activity based system. According to me, in order to implementation Cylinder manufacturing company require a lot of preparation, because as it mention before there are a lot activities and information that needs to be gathered .So before going to implement ABC, Cylinder manufacturing company must be prepared it self by gathering lot of information for understand what exactly they are going to doing. During the setup time of activity based costing, they can temporally use old marginal and absorption account method. Management focus need to be changed on not just the performance but the activities that going into that performance need to be paradise here, the organization should not just focus on one area, the overall view of the company. It has to change the manager view of the company here managers are not just looking at the cost there are going go back to the activities, needs to change their attitude towards those cost activities. Overall, if the company implemented it properly they understood what they doing with ABC methods and they can see the benefit of the actually using this. Bibliography: Cooper, R. (1988) â€Å"The Rise of Activity-Based Costing – Part One: What is an Activity-Based Cost System?† Journal of Cost Management (Summer), pp. 45-54. Cooper, R. (1988) â€Å"The Rise of Activity-Based Costing – Part Two: When Do I Need an Activity-Based Cost System?† Journal of Cost Management (Fall), pp. 41-58 Gunasekaran, A. and Singh, D. (1999) â€Å"Design of activity-based costing in a small company: a case study† Computers Industrial Engineering 37, pp. 413–416 Kaplan, R. S. (1988). â€Å"One Cost System Isn’t Enough,† Harvard Business Review, January-February, pp. 61-66. Kelline S. C., Downet, R. G. and Smitt L.G. (2001) â€Å"Activity-based costing and higher education: Can it work?† Available at: http://www.iupindia.org/books/ABC%20of%20Activity-Based%20Costing_Cont.asp. [Accessed on May 15, 2011] Williamson, D. (1996) â€Å"Cost and Management Accounting† Prentice Hall. Available at: http://business.fortunecity.com/discount/29/abcworkex.htm [Accessed on May 15, 2011] Oulu University Library (2000) â€Å"Implementation of design to profit in a complex and dynamic business context:Chapter 2. Life cycle analysis and product costing†. Available at: http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514264509/html/x1194.html [Accessed on May 16, 2011] MBAbullshit.com (2010) â€Å"Activity Based Costing Example Part 1 to 8† You Tube. Available at: http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514264509/html/x1194.html [Accessed on May 17, 2011] References: Cooper, R. and Kaplan, R. S. (1988) â€Å"Measure Costs Right: Make the Right Decisions† Harvard Business Review, September/October, pp. 96-102. Turney, P. B. B. (1989). â€Å"Activity-Based Costing: A Tool for Manufacturing Excellence† Target, summer, pp. 13-19. Cooper, R. and Kaplan, R. S. (1992). â€Å"Activity-Based Systems: Measuring the Costs of Resource Usage † Accounting Horizons, September, pp. 1-13. How to cite Analysis of Activity Based Accounting, Essay examples

Family Business Plan free essay sample

Besides that, Ming Yi Feeds is operated in the category of control and management of family member. All the important thing and decision is making by themselves but not the outsider. The business is the first generation and established for 8 years. The founder of Ming Yi Feeds Sdn Bhd is not currently planning his retirement and is not deciding to pass the ownership of the company to anyone since he is still young and is able to run the business. The succession factor of the company is the father of the CEO is highly support for the business. And one of the biggest customers of the company is the BM Lean Huat Chan a chicken farming company own by the CEO’s father. The supportive family members of the CEO is participating themselves in the business and the support from their father made the company successful. The business is kept private and confidential to the public as well as their family. The only persons able to access the business information are the CEO and his father. This is because all the business information is crucial to the company like their supplier and customers. The founder does not have any interested to sell their family business, because the owner dreams to remain the business in their family. However, in order to expand their business, shareholder may be required to gain some capital, but the family will still holding the majority share compare to other shareholders. The company is implementing a basic compensation method which is base salary and allowances. However, there is a bonus to every employee every year and the amount is based on the performance in the particular year. Background Information Company address: Plot 31, Jalan Perindustrian Bukit Minyak 9, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, 14100 Simpang Empat. Telephone No: 04-5078488 Fax No: 04-5086488 Types of Business Entity: Sendirian Berhad Work Force: Presently 20 Staff Member Building Particular: offices 24 X 98 feet Turnover per year: RM 100 million Profit Margin: 0 ~ 1 % Quality Policy Mr. Seah said that they are committed to consistently provide the quality product and services to satisfy or exceed customer’s expectations through continuous process improvement, adequately trained and developed work force and on time delivery. Vision Ming Yi wants to be a competitive manufacturer in agriculture product in Malaysia. Mission Ming Yi Feeds is committed to bringing the best and safe agriculture product to Malaysia agriculture industry through its innovative Ramp;D department, facilities and services offering. Objective Ming Yi Feeds wants to further boost its sale by 10% in the next two years. Organization Chart Role of Family Members Chief Executive Officer – Seah Yeok Chee the CEO is responsible in making decision and ensures the smoothness of the business operation as well as the sale of the company. He is the eldest son in the family. General Manager – Kuo Yee Mei the GM is assisting the CEO in daily operation. She is responsible in maintaining stock level. She is the wife of the CEO Mr. Seah. Financial amp; Human Resources Manager – Seah Ai Ling the financial and human resources manager is responsible in the financial division in the company as well as recruitment and selection of new employees. She is the sister of the CEO. Operation Manager – Seah Yeok Chew the operation manager is responsible in the feed production process and ensures the quality of the product to meet the standard. He is the younger brother to the CEO. Conflict * Connectivity There is lack of connection between the company and the entire market, because most of materials are come from family member (other business entity in the same family). So, the cost is slightly higher. * Management problem The hierarchy level and the authority are unclear. Which are the difference / gap between first generation (father) and second generation (son). * Concept The company is implementing a conservative approach. The company is not actively sought for new customer and do not take risk in new investment. Solution * The company communicates to the market and gets other suppliers in order to minimize the cost. By this the company found different supplier and compare the price. * The authority among father and son are differentiated clearly. So, the decision made by the son is not affected by the father. In order to achieve the company vision and mission, they do some investment in marketing their product to new customer. Business Activity * Selling feeds * Selling Raw Material to others supplier especially Maize and Soya bean * Others services Raw Material The main raw materials are Maize, Soya bean meal, Corn gluten meal, Broken Rice, Feed Wheat, Salt, Meat and Bone, DCP, Feed Oil / Cooking Oil and Vaccine all the ingredients of grain are l ocally available at low prices but some vitamins other ingredients will need to be imported. Product Manufacturing Process The compound feed preparation process requires 1. High accuracy and precision of weighing 2. Feed ingredient handling and processing 3. Mixing 4. Packing 5. Labeling Process Flow Diagram Compound Feed Process flow of UBM Formula of Feeds R1 12 10 ( 8107C ) Group| Name| Amount| Big Scale| Corn| 1058| | SBM Hipro| 478| Liquid| Olien / Cooking Oil| 48| Bin| C. G. M | 70| | Feed Wheat| 100| | DDGS ( Low-Pro )| 100| | MBM| 70| Hand-add| D. C. P 18%| 14| | Limestone Powder| 9| | Salt| 0. 50| | Sodium Humate| 10| Premix | Premix Merah| 1 X| | Premix 8107| 1 X| L-Lysine| 9. 84| | DL-Methionine| 6. 58| | Choline Chloride 60%| 2. 40| | Toxisorb| 3. 00| | Natuphos ( 5000G )| 0. 30| | | 1979. 62| Types of Feeds * 8107 Crumbles * 8207 Crumbles * 8207 Pellet * 8307 Pellet * 8107 c is for the chicken ( 1-8 days old ) * 8207c is for the chicken ( 9-14 days old) * 8207p is for the chicken ( 15- 21 days old ) * 8307p is for the chicken ( 22days – selling ) Location Tanker for storage raw mate rial Packaging process Photo of the storage exist Loading process Working condition Weight the feeds and truck before send to the farm